Wax is a soft stuff. 
Wax is a soft stuff. 
Wax is a special kind of solid. It is often soft and can be shaped easily. Most waxes melt when they get warm. They turn into liquids that flow easily. 
Waxes come from many different places. Animals make them. Bees make beeswax to build honeycombs.
Plants make wax too. Plants put wax on their surfaces. This helps them control water.
Some waxes come from the ground. We get paraffin wax from petroleum. People use it for many things. It is used to make candles.
Waxes are a special group of organic compounds. They are solids that can be shaped easily when they are near room temperature. Most waxes will melt if they get warm enough. When they melt, they turn into liquids that flow very easily.
Nature has many ways of making wax. Plants often create wax to cover their surfaces. This coating helps them manage water and keeps them from drying out. 
Humans have used wax for a very long time. In ancient times, people used wax to make small statues and figurines. They even used wax tablets as surfaces for writing. During the Middle Ages, people used sealing wax to close important papers. There were many different kinds of wax used back then. Some came from places like Spain, Poland, or Riga. People even used colored waxes in red, white, or green. 
Today, we make many types of wax in factories. We can get paraffin wax from petroleum through a process called vacuum distillation. Millions of tons of paraffin are made every year. We also make polyethylene waxes by changing plastic materials. Some waxes are very hard, like montan wax which comes from coal. This wax is dark brown and has a strong smell. Scientists can also change plant and animal waxes to give them better uses.
You can find wax in many items around your home. It is used to make candles for light and decoration. Waxes help protect wood, leather, and even cheese. You might find wax in your favorite lip balm or mascara. It is even used in food coatings and on surfboard wax. Some people use it to polish cars or furniture. Even the chocolate on a sweet might have a wax coating. Wax is a helpful tool in almost every part of life.
Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that exist as lipophilic solids. This means they are attracted to fats and oils rather than water. Most waxes are malleable near ambient temperatures, allowing them to be shaped easily. They typically possess melting points above 40 °C (104 °F). When they reach this temperature, they melt into low viscosity liquids.
At a molecular level, waxes are characterized by long aliphatic alkyl chains. These are long, straight chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Some waxes may also contain aromatic compounds. Natural waxes often include functional groups such as fatty acids, alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes. They may also contain esters, which are compounds formed from an acid and an alcohol. In contrast, many synthetic waxes consist of homologous series of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, known as alkanes or paraffins, which lack these functional groups.
Nature produces many different types of wax through biological processes. Animal waxes are typically composed of wax esters derived from fatty acids and carboxylic alcohols. A famous example is beeswax, which honeybees use to construct their hives. A major component of beeswax is myricyl palmitate, an ester of triacontanol and palmitic acid. Other animal sources include spermaceti from the head oil of sperm whales, which contains cetyl palmitate. Lanolin is another animal wax, obtained from the wool of sheep through its sebaceous glands.
Plants also synthesize waxes to protect themselves. They secrete these substances into and onto their cuticles to control evaporation and hydration. This helps the plant manage how much water it loses. Epicuticular waxes in plants are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, esters, and alcohols. One of the most commercially significant plant waxes is carnauba wax. It is a hard wax harvested from the Brazilian palm, *Copernicia prunifera*. It contains the ester myricyl cerotate and is used in everything from food coatings to surfboard wax.
Industrial processes also create various mineral and petroleum-based waxes. Paraffin waxes are a significant fraction of petroleum and are refined through vacuum distillation. These are mixtures of saturated alkanes and other hydrocarbons. Millions of tons of paraffin wax are produced annually for use in candles, cosmetics, and food packaging. Another petroleum product is microcrystalline wax, which contains a higher percentage of branched hydrocarbons. There are also fossilized waxes, such as montan wax, which is extracted from coal and lignite. Montan wax is very hard and can be purified from its natural dark brown, odorous state.
Modern manufacturing also produces polyethylene waxes. About 200 million kilograms of these waxes are consumed every year. They can be made through the direct polymerization of ethylene or the thermal degradation of polyethylene resin. These waxes are vital in the plastics industry, often used to formulate colorants. They also provide matting effects to make finishes non-glossy and add wear resistance to paints. In inks, they are used as dispersions to decrease friction.
Humans have utilized the unique properties of wax since antiquity. Ancient Egyptians used wax for figurines and even for writing on wax tablets. In the Middle Ages, sealing wax was used to secure important documents. Today, the applications are even more widespread. Wax is used in shoe polishes, automotive polishes, and even in cosmetics like lipstick and mascara. It serves as a protective coating for wood, leather, and cheese. From the candles used for light
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