Totem pole

Tall wooden poles are beautiful art.

People carve them from big cedar trees. These poles show family stories. They can show animals like birds or fish.

A raven has a long beak. An eagle has a curved beak. These carvings help people remember their history. They can even be welcome signs for guests.

Totem poles are very special to many people.

Totem poles are large carvings made by Indigenous peoples.

These people live along the Pacific Northwest Coast. They live in places like Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington. Most poles are made from western red cedar trees. This wood lasts a long time in the rain.

Artists carve many figures into the wood. These shapes can be animals, plants, or people.

They might carve a raven with a straight beak. They might carve an eagle with a curved beak. Some poles show special stories or family lines. These stories tell of great leaders or old legends.

In the past, carvers used stone or shells. Later, they used metal tools like iron. This made it easier to make complex art. Totem poles can have many jobs. They can be welcome signs for a village. They can also hold the remains of ancestors.

Some poles show the wealth of a family. People celebrate new poles with big parties called potlatches. Today, many people still carve these beautiful poles to keep their culture strong.

Totem poles are huge, beautiful carvings made by Indigenous peoples.

They are found along the Pacific Northwest Coast. This area includes British Columbia in Canada and parts of Washington and Alaska in the United States. Many different groups make them, like the Haida, Tlingit, and Tsimshian. These poles are not objects for worship or spiritual practice. Instead, they are ways to tell stories. They might show a family's history or celebrate important legends.

They can even act as welcome signs for visitors to a village.

Carving a pole is a very big job.

Most poles are made from western red cedar trees. This wood is great because it does not rot easily in the rain. Artists carve many different figures into the wood. These can be animals like ravens or eagles. They can also be plants, insects, or even humans. Sometimes, the figures are part-animal and part-human. A raven might have a long, straight beak. An eagle will have a curved beak instead.

These symbols help people recognize specific stories.

Long ago, carving was a very slow process.

Before metal tools arrived, artists used stone, shells, or even beaver teeth. This made the work very hard and took a long time. Later, in the 18th and 19th centuries, metal tools like iron and steel became available. These tools allowed carvers to make much more complex designs. Some experts believe the Haida people started this specific style of carving. They think the practice then spread to other groups like the Tlingit and Tsimshian. This helped the tradition grow across the whole coast.

History has been both good and hard for totem poles.

In the 1800s, trade brought wealth to many coastal families. They used this wealth to hold big parties called potlatches. These celebrations often included building and raising new poles. However, later laws and missionaries tried to stop these traditions. By 1901, almost all totem pole making had stopped because of these rules. Many old poles were even destroyed or left to rot. Thankfully, a new interest in these arts began again in the late 1930s. The United States Forest Service even helped save some old poles.

Today, totem poles are a strong symbol of cultural pride.

People continue to carve them using both old and new ways. Some artists even use glass or stone to make art inspired by these traditions. In June 2022, a special 360-degree totem pole was shown in Alaska. It was carved from a 600-year-old cedar tree. This pole represents three different tribes: the Lingít, Haida, and Tsimshian. It shows how these ancient stories are still very much alive. These carvings help keep the history of the Pacific Northwest Coast strong for everyone.

Totem poles are monumental wooden carvings found along the Pacific Northwest Coast.

These structures serve as vital expressions of Indigenous Northwest Coast art. They are found in British Columbia, Canada, and coastal areas of Washington and southeastern Alaska. Various First Nations and Indigenous communities create them, including the Haida, Tlingit, and Tsimshian. The term "totem" comes from the Algonquian word *odoodem*, which means "kinship group." It is a common misconception that these poles are worshipped or used for spiritual practice. Instead, they function as visual records of history, lineage, and culture.

The creation of a totem pole begins with selecting a massive tree. Most carvers use the *Thuja plicata*, known as western red cedar. This specific wood is highly rot-resistant, which is essential in the moist, rainy climate of the Pacific Northwest. Artists carve figures and symbols into the trunk to form a vertical narrative. These figures interlock one above the other to create a single design. Some carvings are large and central, while smaller figures might be tucked into ears or mouths. These designs can rise to a height of many feet. The final pole serves as a complex symbol of a family's history or status.

Totem poles serve many distinct purposes depending on the community and the occasion. Some poles act as mortuary vessels to hold the remains of deceased ancestors. Others function as welcome signs for visitors arriving at a village. Some are used as functional architectural features, such as house posts. A pole might also be commissioned to commemorate a notable event or a specific legend. In some cases, poles were even used to publicly ridicule an individual. Because the meanings are so complex, an observer must understand the specific culture to truly read the pole.

The history of these carvings shows a significant evolution in technology and style. Before the arrival of iron and steel, artists used tools made of stone, shells, or beaver teeth. This made the carving process very slow and laborious because axes were not yet available. By the late 18th century, the introduction of metal cutting tools changed everything. This allowed for more complex designs and a higher rate of production. Some scholars, such as Eddie Malin, suggest that the practice began with the Haida people of Haida Gwaii. He proposes that the tradition spread to the Tsimshian and Tlingit, eventually moving down the coast.

During the 19th century, the development of totem poles saw both growth and decline. Between 1830 and 1880, the maritime fur trade and fisheries brought wealth to coastal peoples. This wealth was often shared during lavish potlatch celebrations, which were frequently linked to erecting poles. These monumental poles represented the social status and prestige of wealthy family leaders. However, later policies of assimilation and religious practices caused a sharp decline. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many Indigenous religious practices were outlawed. Christian missionaries often urged people to stop making poles or even to destroy them. By 1901, almost all totem-pole-making had ceased.

Despite this difficult period, the tradition experienced a significant renewal in the late 1930s. This revival was driven by artistic movements and growing scholarly interest. In 1938, the United States Forest Service began a program to reconstruct and preserve old poles. They successfully salvaged about 200 poles, which was roughly one-third of the known standing poles at the end of the 19th century. By the 1960s and 1970s, new poles were being erected across the coast. Artists also began using new media, such as stone, blown glass, and etched glass, to express these traditional themes.

Today, totem poles continue to connect Indigenous peoples to their ancestors and stories. A recent example is the Sealaska Cultural Values Totem Pole, unveiled in June 2022 in Juneau, Alaska. This structure was carved from a 600-year-old cedar tree. It is a 360-degree pole that represents three different tribes: the Lingít, Haida, and Tsimshian. The carvings use specific symbols to tell stories, such as a raven with a long, straight beak or an eagle with a curved beak. These symbols allow people to recognize shared legends across different groups. The tradition remains a powerful way to display clan lineage and cultural heritage.