Mayflower Compact

A big ship called the Mayflower sailed the sea. Many people were on the ship. They wanted to start a new home.

Storms made the trip hard. The ship had to stop in a new place. The people needed rules to stay safe.

Forty-one men signed a special paper.

This paper was a set of rules. It helped the group work together.

They promised to follow the rules. They also promised to be loyal to their King. This helped keep order on the ship.

We do not have the first paper today. But we know what it said. It helped the people live together well.

In 1620, a ship called the Mayflower sailed across the sea.

The passengers wanted to reach Virginia. But big storms hit the ship. They had to stop at Cape Cod instead. This was not where they planned to land.

Some people on the ship felt worried. They thought they could make their own rules. They did not want to follow any leaders. To stop this, the settlers made a plan. They wrote the Mayflower Compact.

This was a paper with rules for the group. It was a way to keep order.

Forty-one men signed the paper on the ship. They promised to follow the rules. They also promised to be loyal to the King of England. This helped everyone work together to survive.

We do not have the first paper today. We only have copies written later. One man named William Bradford wrote a copy in his journal.

These old papers help us learn about their new home.

The Mayflower Compact was a very important paper. It was the first set of rules for Plymouth Colony.

This document helped the settlers live together in an orderly way. It was also called the Agreement Between the Settlers of New Plymouth. The men on the ship wanted to make sure everyone followed the same laws. This helped the group survive in a new land. Without these rules, it might have been hard to stay together.

The document worked like a social contract. This means the settlers all agreed to follow the community's rules.

They did this to keep peace and order. The plan used a majoritarian model. This means the group made decisions based on what most people wanted. At the same time, the settlers promised to stay loyal to the King of England. They wanted to show they were still part of the English kingdom.

In 1620, the Mayflower ship was on a long journey. The passengers originally planned to land in the Colony of Virginia.

However, big storms forced the ship to stop at Cape Cod instead. They anchored in Provincetown Harbor at the northern tip of the Cape. Some passengers, called "Strangers," said they would use their own liberty. They felt no one had the power to command them in this new place. To stop this, the Pilgrims decided to create their own government.

Forty-one men signed the Compact while aboard the ship in 1620.

These men included Separatist Puritans, adventurers, and tradesmen. We do not have the original paper today, but we have three copies. One copy was in a book called Mourt's Relation from 1622. Another was written by William Bradford in his journal in 1646. A third was printed by Nathaniel Morton in 1669. Morton provided the list of the 41 men who signed the document.

This event changed how people thought about making laws. It showed how a group could agree on rules to stay safe.

Many years later, people still talked about this moment. In 1920, the governor of Massachusetts held a big ceremony. This ceremony was for the 300th anniversary of the landing. Calvin Coolidge spoke at the event. He later became the 30th president of the United States. The Compact remains a famous part of history.

The Mayflower Compact was a foundational governing document for the Plymouth Colony. It was originally titled the Agreement Between the Settlers of New Plymouth. This document established a system of order for a group of people in a new land. It functioned as a social contract. A social contract is an agreement where people consent to follow community rules for survival and order.

By signing it, the settlers committed to a shared way of life. This helped ensure the colony could function despite the challenges of their new environment.

The mechanism of the Compact relied on two different ideas working together. First, it used a majoritarian model. This means the community would make decisions based on the will of the majority. Second, the document included a pledge of loyalty to the King of England. The settlers wanted to maintain their allegiance to the English Crown. This dual approach allowed them to govern themselves locally while remaining part of the larger kingdom.

This balance was necessary to maintain legal and social stability.

The creation of the Compact was driven by a specific crisis during the voyage. The passengers had originally planned to settle in the Colony of Virginia. Their journey was financed by the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. However, severe storms forced the Mayflower to change its course. The ship eventually anchored in Provincetown Harbor at the northern tip of Cape Cod. Because they were not in their intended territory, some passengers felt they could ignore existing laws. These non-Puritan passengers were often called "Strangers" by the Puritans. They claimed they would use their own liberty because no one had power to command them in this location.

To prevent this loss of order, the Pilgrims decided to establish their own government. They had previously lived in Leiden, which is a city in the Dutch Republic. Historian Nathaniel Philbrick notes that their experience in Leiden was important. In Leiden, a spiritual covenant had marked the start of their congregation. In America, they created a civil covenant to serve as a secular government. This transition from religious to civil agreement helped them organize their new society.

The document was signed aboard the ship in 1620.

While the original document is lost, we have three distinct versions from the 17th century. The first was printed in Mourt's Relation in 1622. This was later reprinted in Purchas his Pilgrimes in 1625. The second version was a handwritten manuscript by William Bradford in his journal, Of Plimoth Plantation, in 1646. The third version was printed by Bradford's nephew, Nathaniel Morton, in New-Englands Memorial in 1669. These versions differ in their spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. However, the two versions involving Bradford are quite similar in their wording.

Bradford's handwritten manuscript is currently kept in a vault at the State Library of Massachusetts.

Identifying the exact signers is a complex task for historians. There were 101 passengers on the Mayflower, but only 41 men signed the Compact. Nathaniel Morton is the only source for the list of these 41 names. Because the original document is gone, we cannot know the exact order in which they signed. Morton's list was unnumbered and the order of names changed in different editions of his book. For example, the 1721 and 1772 editions changed the column arrangement. Later editions in 1826 and 1855 returned to the original 1669 order. Thomas Prince later numbered these names in 1736 based on Morton's work.

The legacy of the Mayflower Compact remains significant in American history. It is viewed as an early example of self-governance and political philosophy. On November 23, 1920, a large ceremony was held to mark the 300th anniversary of the landing. During this event, the governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, gave a speech. Coolidge later became the 30th president of the United States. The Compact continues to be studied as a way that people organized themselves to build a new society.