Macrotermes bellicosus

These bugs live in Africa and Asia. The queen is the biggest bug. Small workers help the queen first. Then they leave to find food. Some workers are small. Some workers are large. Small workers find new paths. Large workers carry the food back. They build mounds from wet clay. The mounds look different in forests. In the savanna, the mounds are complex. These bugs are very busy workers.

Macrotermes bellicosus is a type of termite. These insects live in Africa and South-East Asia. The queen is the largest member of the group. There are two types of workers. We call them major workers and minor workers.

At first, all workers stay home to care for the queen. Later, they leave to find food. Minor workers mostly explore and build new paths. Major workers help once food is found. They are the main ones to gather food.

These workers leave scent trails to talk. Major workers can sense food in these trails. Minor workers follow all trails to explore.

These termites also build big mounds. They use clay and spit to make them. The mounds look different depending on where they live. In the forest, mounds are dome shaped with thick walls. This helps them keep warmth. In the savanna, mounds have thin walls. This helps them let heat out. Savanna colonies grow faster and have more babies. This happens even though food is harder to find there.

Macrotermes bellicosus is a very special kind of termite. Its name comes from a Latin word that means "combative." These insects live in parts of Africa and South-East Asia. In every colony, different members have different jobs. The queen is the largest member of the whole group. Workers are smaller than the queen, but soldiers are slightly larger than workers. This division of work helps the colony stay strong and healthy.

There are two types of workers: major workers and minor workers. At first, all workers stay inside to care for the queen. Later, they leave the nest to find food. Minor workers usually leave the nest between 9 and 32 days after moulting. Major workers leave a bit later, between 13 and 25 days. Minor workers spend their time exploring and building underground paths. Once food is found, the major workers take over the hard job of gathering it.

These termites use scent trails to talk to each other. These scents are called pheromones. Minor workers leave trails that any termite can follow to explore. Major workers can sense special food information in these trails. Major workers use these scents to head straight toward food. Interestingly, major worker trails might actually push minor workers away from certain areas. This helps the major workers spread out to find different food sources.

These insects are also amazing builders. They make large mounds using clay and their own saliva. The shape of a mound depends on where the termites live. In the forest, they build dome-shaped mounds with thick walls. These thick walls help the mound hold onto heat. In the savanna, they build mounds with thin walls. These thin walls help the mound shed heat quickly in the warm weather.

Living in different places changes how the colonies grow. In the forest, food is easy to find, but colonies grow slowly. In the savanna, food is harder to find, but colonies grow much faster. Savanna colonies also produce more offspring than forest colonies. Even though it is a harder place to live, the savanna colonies have higher reproductive success. This shows how much the environment can shape the life of a tiny insect.

Macrotermes bellicosus is a highly organized species of termite. Its name comes from a Latin word meaning "combative." These insects are indigenous to Africa and South-East Asia. Within a colony, members are divided into specific roles called castes. The queen is the largest known termite when she is physogastric, which means her abdomen is greatly enlarged for egg production. Workers are smaller than the queen, while soldiers are slightly larger than the workers. This complex social structure allows the colony to function as a single, efficient unit.

The worker caste is further divided into major workers and minor workers. This is known as caste polyethism, where different individuals perform different tasks. Initially, all workers stay inside the nest to care for the queen. Eventually, they leave to forage for food. Minor workers typically exit the nest between 9 and 32 days after moulting. Major workers leave slightly later, between 13 and 25 days after moulting. Their jobs change based on the colony's immediate needs.

Division of labor is very clear during foraging activities. Minor workers handle the initial exploration phase. They build underground passages that radiate outward from the nest. Major workers remain mostly inactive during this early exploration. However, once food is discovered, the labor shifts. Major workers become the primary caste responsible for gathering food. During this time, the ratio of major to minor workers changes. The colony increases the number of major workers to handle the new resource.

Researchers have identified two distinct feeding groups based on gut contents. These groups are categorized by what they eat: the fungus comb or the queen cell. The diet affects the physical appearance of the workers. Most workers have dark brown abdomens because they feed on the fungus comb. A smaller group has reddish-brown abdomens from eating plant litter. Major workers are the primary group consuming plant litter. Because the fungus comb is made from processed plant litter, major workers dominate both food processing and fungus comb construction.

Communication relies heavily on chemical signals called pheromones. Minor workers leave scent trails that all termites can follow for exploration. Major workers, however, can detect specific food information within these trails. This allows major workers to orient themselves directly toward food sources. Interestingly, the trails left by major workers may be antagonistic to minor worker trails. This likely prevents major workers from crowding a single food source. By making existing trails less attractive, they are encouraged to find new ones.

Environmental conditions significantly influence how these termites build their mounds. In the forest habitats of Comoé National Park, termites build dome-shaped mounds with thick walls. These thick walls help the mound retain heat in cooler environments. In the savanna, they build more complicated structures with thin walls. These thin walls allow the mounds to shed heat faster in warmer climates. To build, termites burrow into the subsoil and collect clay. They moisten this clay with saliva to shape the structure. This construction is most labor-intensive during the wet months.

Survival strategies also change depending on the habitat and predator levels. In the forest, food is abundant, but predation risks are high. If a predator appears, forest termites immediately abandon their food. In the savanna, food is more limited, so termites value it more highly. In the savanna, they only gradually reduce foraging as predation pressure increases. Despite the harder conditions, savanna colonies show higher lifetime reproductive success. They grow faster and produce more offspring than forest colonies. This demonstrates how environmental pressures shape the entire life cycle of the species.