Life extension

Some people want to live a very long time.

As we get older, our bodies change. Small parts of our bodies get damaged. This is why we age.

Scientists study how to fix these parts. They want to help our bodies stay young. They hope to use new tools to fix our cells.

Some animals can live a long time. A tiny worm can live much longer if it eats less food. This is a way to study life.

One woman lived to be 122 years old. That is a very long life!

Scientists are still learning how to help us live longer.

Some people want to live much longer lives. This idea is called life extension. Most humans have a biological limit. This limit is around 125 years. One woman named Jeanne Calment lived to be 122 years old.

As we age, our bodies change. Small parts like cells and tissues get damaged. This can happen because of things like free radicals. These are tiny bits that cause damage. Scientists want to find ways to fix this. They study things like gene therapy. This is a way to change genes to help the body. They also look at stem cells. These are special cells that can make new parts.

Some animals live a long time. Certain jellyfish and worms do not die of old age. Scientists study these animals to learn secrets. They can even make some worms live ten times longer. They do this by changing genes or changing how much they eat. Many companies now sell products to help people stay young. However, these products are not proven to be safe or work.

Life extension is the idea of making human lives last longer. Some people want to use medicine to improve our lives bit by bit. Others hope to push past our natural biological limit. This limit is usually around 125 years. People who study or hope for this are called life extensionists or longevists. They hope that new science might one day help us stay young and healthy forever. This goal is sometimes called agerasia, which means staying in a state of perfect health.

Aging happens because our bodies collect damage over time. This damage occurs in our cells, tissues, and organs. Tiny parts called free radicals can cause damage through a process called oxidation. Other problems include things like genomic instability or the loss of healthy cell communication. Scientists think we might slow this down by fixing these broken parts. They look at ways to repair molecules or replace old organs. They also study stem cells, which are special cells that can grow into new parts.

Humans have wanted to live longer for a very long time. This desire appears in very old stories like the Epic of Gilgamesh. Many famous thinkers have studied this, including Francis Bacon and Benjamin Franklin. In the late 1800s, science became very optimistic about fixing the body. Important scientists like Elie Metchnikoff and Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard led the way. Even today, people like Aubrey de Grey and George Dvorsky work on these big ideas.

There are many real numbers and names in this field of study. The longest human life ever recorded was Jeanne Calment. She lived to be 122 years and 164 days old. In 2009, the market for hormone products in the US made about $50 billion. Some companies, like Google's Calico, are working to understand aging. Other groups, like the SENS Research Foundation, give money to help research. Scientists have even found ways to make some worms live ten times longer.

We can see how this science connects to our daily lives. Many people buy supplements or use apps to try and live longer. However, the US Food and Drug Administration says no medicine has been proven to reverse aging yet. We already use medicine like statins to help our hearts stay healthy. This is a way to help us live longer by preventing disease. Just like we eat well or exercise to stay strong, scientists hope to use technology to keep our bodies working well.

Life extension is the scientific concept of increasing the human lifespan. This goal can be met through small, incremental medical improvements. It can also involve radical increases to the maximum lifespan. Most humans have a settled biological limit of about 125 years. Researchers in this field are often called life extensionists, immortalists, or longevists. These advocates hope to reach a state called agerasia. This is a state of optimal health and permanent youth. They believe future technology could eventually allow for indefinite lifespans.

To understand how life might be extended, we must look at aging. Aging is a process where an organism accumulates damage over time. This damage affects macromolecules, cells, tissues, and organs. Scientists identify several specific causes for this decline. These include genomic instability and telomere attrition. They also note epigenetic alterations and the loss of proteostasis. Other factors include mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell exhaustion. Additionally, free radicals can cause oxidation damage to cellular contents. This damage is a key driver of the aging process.

There are several different ways researchers approach these biological problems. One method involves molecular repair to fix damaged parts. Another strategy is tissue rejuvenation to refresh old cells. Scientists also study regenerative medicine and stem cells. Stem cells are special cells that can grow into new tissues. Organ replacement is another potential path for life extension. This could include using artificial organs or xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation involves using organs from different species. Some researchers also look toward nanotechnology. They imagine tiny machines that could perform cell repair.

Humans have pursued the idea of long life for thousands of years. This desire appears in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. It also appears in the Egyptian Smith medical papyrus. Many philosophers and scientists have explored these ideas. Francis Bacon advocated for using reason to delay aging. Robert Boyle even proposed replacing old blood with young blood. In the late 19th century, scientific optimism grew. Nobel Prize winner Elie Metchnikoff was a major researcher during this time. Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard also helped found modern endocrinology. These thinkers helped start the modern era of life extensionism.

Modern research uses many different models to study longevity. Scientists often use mice, fruit flies, or nematodes. A wildtype mouse has a maximum lifespan of about three years. Humans live much longer due to different genetic efficiencies. Humans have better DNA repair and antioxidant defenses. We also have better energy metabolism and recycling mechanisms like autophagy. In laboratory settings, researchers have seen huge results. Since 2009, scientists have increased the lifespan of nematodes and yeast by 10-fold. This was done through genetic engineering and caloric restriction. However, these results do not always translate directly to humans.

Many organizations and companies are now funding this work. The Methuselah Foundation was formed in 2003 by Aubrey de Grey and David Gobel. In 2009, the SENS Research Foundation was founded in California. Google launched a company called Calico in 2013 to study aging biology. Another company, Human Longevity Inc., was founded by Craig Venter in 2014. They use genomics and cell therapy to study the human phenotype. There is also a large commercial market for this field. In 2009, the US hormone replacement market made $50 billion. However, many of these products have not been proven safe or effective.

Life extension connects to many other fields of science and law. Bioethicists study the ethical implications of living much longer. Regulatory agencies like the FDA monitor anti-aging claims. In 1991, the FDA took legal action against the Life Extension organization. This shows the ongoing struggle between researchers and government standards. Currently, the FDA states that no medication reverses aging. However, some medicines like statins are promising. These drugs lower LDL-C to reduce cardiovascular disease. By preventing disease, these treatments can help increase overall lifespan.