Fred Korematsu

Fred Korematsu lived in California.

During a big war, the government made an unfair rule. They said people of Japanese descent must leave their homes. They were sent to live in camps.

Fred did not want to go. He thought the rule was wrong. He went into hiding to stay free.

Fred was caught and taken to court. The judges said the rule was okay. This was very sad. Fred lived in a camp for a while. He stayed in a small horse stall.

Later, people found out the rule was not right. Fred helped show that everyone deserves fair treatment.

Fred Korematsu was born in Oakland, California.

He lived a normal life until World War II began. During the war, the U.S. government made a very unfair rule. This rule said people of Japanese descent must leave their homes. They were sent to live in camps.

Fred did not want to follow this rule. He thought it was wrong to treat people this way. He went into hiding to stay free. But the police found him. Fred was taken to court. The Supreme Court said the government's rule was legal.

Fred and his family were sent to a camp in Utah. He had to live in a small horse stall.

Many years later, new facts came to light. People found out the government had hidden truth from the courts. In 1984, a court overturned Fred's conviction. This meant his fight was finally seen as right. Later, the government apologized for the unfair treatment. Fred is now remembered as a hero for civil rights.

Fred Korematsu was a civil rights activist from Oakland, California.

He was born on January 30, 1919, to Japanese parents. Fred grew up attending public schools and playing tennis. He also worked at his family's flower nursery in San Leandro. Even as a young man, he faced unfair treatment. A recruiting officer once told him he could not join the Army. This happened because of his Japanese descent.

During World War II, things became much harder for Fred. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066. This order allowed the government to remove people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast. These people were sent to live in incarceration camps. Fred did not want to follow this order. He believed people deserved a fair trial to show their loyalty. Instead of going to a camp, he went into hiding.

Fred's choice led to a famous legal battle. He was arrested in San Leandro on May 30, 1942. An attorney named Wayne M. Collins helped him fight the case. The case went all the way to the United States Supreme Court. In 1944, the Court ruled against Fred in a 6–3 decision. They said the government's actions were allowed during a time of emergency. Fred was convicted and sent to a camp in Topaz, Utah.

Life in the camps was very difficult for Fred and his family. In the Topaz camp, Fred worked as an unskilled laborer. He earned only $12 per month for working eight-hour days. He even had to live in a single horse stall.

After the war, Fred moved to different cities like Salt Lake City and Detroit. He faced more racism, such as being paid less than white workers. He eventually returned to Oakland with his wife, Kathryn, and their two children.

Justice finally arrived many years after the war ended. New evidence showed the government had hidden facts from the courts. In 1984, a court overturned Fred's original conviction. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act. This act gave money to the survivors of the camps. Today, California and Virginia celebrate Fred Korematsu Day every January 30. His life reminds us why civil liberties are so important for everyone.

Fred Korematsu was a prominent American civil rights activist. He is best known for his legal resistance against the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

His life became a symbol of the struggle for constitutional protections. He fought to prove that race should not determine a person's rights. His journey highlights the tension between national security and individual liberty.

Korematsu was born on January 30, 1919, in Oakland, California. His parents, Kakusaburo Korematsu and Kotsui Aoki, had immigrated to the United States in 1905.

Growing up, Korematsu was an active student. He participated in tennis and swim teams at Castlemont High School. He also worked at his family's flower nursery in San Leandro. Even as a youth, he encountered racism. A U.S. Army recruiting officer once told him he could not join because of his Japanese descent. He also faced unfairness in employment. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he lost his job as a welder. His coworkers explained that people of his descent were not allowed to work there.

During World War II, the United States government took drastic actions. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066. This order authorized the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast. General John L. DeWitt, commander of the Western Defense Area, began preparing for their evacuation.

People were forced into assembly centers and then into incarceration camps. Korematsu attempted to avoid this by changing his appearance. He underwent eyelid surgery to look more Caucasian. He also changed his name to Clyde and claimed Spanish and Hawaiian heritage. However, he was eventually arrested in San Leandro on May 30, 1942.

Korematsu decided to challenge the legality of the order. He wanted a fair trial to defend his loyalty to the country.

Ernest Besig, a director for the ACLU, took his case. Besig worked despite opposition from other high-ranking ACLU members. Korematsu was eventually convicted in federal court in September 1942. He was sentenced to five years of probation for violating military orders. He was then sent to the Topaz War Relocation Center in Topaz, Utah. Life in the camp was harsh. He lived in a horse stall with only one light bulb. He worked as an unskilled laborer for $12 per month.

Korematsu appealed his case to the highest levels of the American legal system. In 1944, the case reached the United States Supreme Court. In the decision known as Korematsu v. United States, the Court ruled 6–3 against him. Justice Hugo Black wrote the opinion for the majority. The Court held that the exclusion was justified by the circumstances of "emergency and peril." This ruling meant the government could limit rights during wartime. However, a different case, Ex parte Endo, was decided around the same time. That case allowed a woman named Mitsuye Endo to be released because she was a loyal citizen.

After the war, Korematsu faced continued inequality. He moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he found work repairing water tanks. He discovered he was being paid only half of what white workers earned. When he protested, his boss threatened him with arrest. Korematsu eventually moved to Detroit, Michigan. He worked as a draftsman and married Kathryn Pearson in 1946. They later returned to Oakland, where they raised two children.

His struggle for justice continued long after his initial legal defeat.

True justice arrived through new evidence discovered decades later. It was revealed that the U.S. government had withheld information from the courts during the war. This new evidence showed the internment was not actually necessary for security. In 1984, a U.S. District Court overturned Korematsu's original conviction. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act. This law provided $20,000 in redress to each surviving detainee. The total cost of this compensation was $1.2 billion. This act acknowledged that the internment was caused by race prejudice and war hysteria.

Korematsu's legacy is now officially recognized by many. In 2011, California observed "Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution." Virginia also passed laws to recognize this day every January 30. The Fred T. Korematsu Institute was founded in 2009 to promote civil liberties. Even the Supreme Court later addressed his case. In the 2018 case Trump v. Hawaii, Chief Justice John Roberts noted that the forced relocation of citizens based on race was unlawful. Korematsu's life remains a vital lesson in the importance of defending constitutional rights for all people.