Batomorphi

Rays are flat fish.

They have no hard bones. Their bodies are made of soft, bendy parts. This helps them stay flexible.

Most rays live on the sea floor. They use big fins to swim like wings.

They breathe by taking water in through holes on top. The water goes out through slits on their bottom.

Some rays lay eggs in tough cases. People call these mermaid's purses. They often wash up on beaches.

Batomorphi is a large group of fish. Most people call them rays. They belong to a group called cartilaginous fish. This means they have no hard bones. Instead, their skeletons are made of cartilage. This is a tough and bendy material.

Rays look very different from sharks. Most rays have flat bodies. They have large fins that look like wings. They use these fins to swim.

Many rays live on the sea floor. They breathe in a special way. They take water in through holes on top of their heads. These holes are called spiracles. The water then moves out through gill slits. These slits are on the bottom of the fish.

There are over 600 species of rays. Some are skates. Others are stingrays or electric rays. Some rays lay eggs in leathery cases. People call these mermaid's purses.

Many rays are in danger today. Overfishing has caused their numbers to drop. This can hurt the health of the whole ocean.

Batomorphi is a large group of fish known as rays. They belong to a group called cartilaginous fish. This means they have no hard bones. Instead, they have a skeleton made of cartilage. This material is tough and elastic.

Rays are very diverse living things. There are well over 600 species in 26 different families. They are part of a larger group called Elasmobranchii. This group also includes sharks.

Most rays have a very distinct shape. Their bodies are flattened from top to bottom. Many have large pectoral fins that look like wings. They use these fins to flap through the water. Most rays live on the sea floor. They breathe through holes on top of their heads called spiracles. Water goes in through these holes. Then it flows out through gill slits on their underside.

These fish have been around for a very long time. Fossil evidence shows tooth-like scales from the Ordovician period. The oldest clear fossils of cartilaginous fish are from the middle Devonian. There is even an old ray named Antiquaobatis. It comes from the Pliensbachian period in Germany.

Scientists use DNA to study how they are related. They have found that skates, stingrays, and electric rays are closely linked.

There are many different kinds of rays to learn about. Some are skates and some are stingrays. There are also electric rays and sawfishes.

Some rays, like skates, lay eggs. These eggs are in leathery cases called mermaid's purses. Other rays are ovoviviparous. This means they give birth to young that grew inside a womb. Some rays live in the ocean. Others live in freshwater or salty bays.

Today, many of these animals face a hard job. A study in 2021 found that shark and ray numbers dropped by 71 percent. This happened over the last 50 years. Overfishing is a big reason for this change. Three-quarters of these species are now at risk of extinction. This can hurt the health of the whole ocean.

Protecting them helps keep the ocean healthy for everyone.

Batomorphi is a major division of cartilaginous fishes, which are animals with skeletons made of tough, elastic cartilage instead of hard bone.

This group is commonly known as rays. They are part of a larger subclass called Elasmobranchii, which also includes sharks. Batomorphi is a very diverse group. It contains well over 600 species organized into 26 different families. These animals play vital roles in marine ecosystems across the globe.

The anatomy of a batomorph is quite different from a typical shark. Most species are dorsoventrally flattened, meaning they are pressed thin from top to bottom. This creates a mantle-like body shape. Their pectoral fins are often enlarged and fused to the head. Many species have turned these fins into broad appendages that look like wings.

They use these "wings" to flap through the water for locomotion. Unlike sharks, most batomorphs lack an anal fin.

Because many rays live on the sea floor, they have unique ways of breathing. They use spiracles, which are small openings on the top of their heads. Water enters through these spiracles rather than the mouth. The water then passes over the gills and exits through gill slits. These slits are located on the ventral surface, or the underside, of the animal.

Most species have five ventral gill slits, but the family Hexatrygonidae has six. Their mouths are also located on the underside of the body.

Feeding mechanisms vary depending on the specific type of ray. Many batomorphs have heavy, rounded teeth designed for crushing. They use these to eat snails, clams, oysters, and crustaceans. Their jaws use a specific type of support called euhyostylic suspension. This means the jaws rely entirely on the hyomandibular cartilages for support. In contrast, manta rays use dense gill rakers to capture tiny plankton from the water.

The history of Batomorphi reaches back into deep geological time. Fossil evidence shows tooth-like scales, called denticles, dating back to the Ordovician period. The oldest unambiguous fossils of cartilaginous fish are from the middle Devonian. A specific group called Neoselachii emerged by the Triassic period. The oldest confirmed ray fossil is named Antiquaobatis, found in the Pliensbachian of Germany.

Scientists use molecular evidence to understand how these lineages evolved.

Modern science classifies batomorphs into several major orders. These include Myliobatiformes, which contains stingrays and relatives. Rajiformes includes skates, while Torpediniformes contains electric rays.

The order Rhinopristiformes includes sawfishes and guitarfishes. Recent DNA studies have changed how we see these relationships. For example, researchers found that guitarfishes are actually two distinct groups. This study used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from 37 different taxa to find these connections.

Reproduction in Batomorphi involves internal fertilization. This process is efficient because it conserves sperm and protects eggs from predators. There are two main ways these animals produce young. Skates and some rays are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. These eggs are often found in leathery cases called "mermaid's purses."

Other rays are ovoviviparous. In these species, the young develop inside a womb without a placenta before being born.

Today, many batomorph species face serious conservation challenges. A 2021 study in the journal Nature reported a massive decline in these animals. The number of oceanic sharks and rays fell by 71% over the last 50 years. Overfishing is a primary cause of this trend. Currently, three-quarters of these species are threatened with extinction.

In the Mediterranean Sea, only 38 species of rays and skates remain. Protecting these animals is essential for the health of the entire ocean ecosystem.