Hedge fund

Some people put their money in one big group.

This group is called a hedge fund. People use the money to buy things. They want to make more money.

These funds use special ways to trade. They try to stay safe even if markets change. A hedge is like a line of bushes. It can protect a field. These funds use that idea to protect money.

Some funds are very big. They use many different plans to grow. These plans can be made by people. Other plans use computers.

Managers get paid for their work. They get a fee for managing the money. They also get a fee if they make a profit. This helps them work hard to grow the fund.

These funds have been around for many years. They can be a risky way to invest. Many people still use them today.

A hedge fund is a group of pooled money.

Investors put money together to buy assets. These funds use many complex ways to trade. They want to make money even when markets fall. This is called an absolute return.

The word "hedge" comes from a line of bushes. A hedge can protect a field. In finance, it means limiting risk. Some funds use a plan called short selling. They also use leverage, which means using borrowed money.

Hedge funds have a long history. In 1949, Alfred W. Jones created a new structure. He used a fee system called 2-and-20. This means managers take a small fee for their work. They also take a larger fee if they make a profit.

These funds can be risky. In 2008, a big financial crisis happened. This led to new rules in the US and Europe. These rules help governments watch the funds more closely. Today, many large firms run these funds. Some are very big, like Bridgewater Associates. As of 2021, these funds held about $3.8 trillion.

A hedge fund is a special way to pool money together.

Many people put their money into one large group. This group then buys many different assets. These funds use very complex ways to trade. They want to make money even when markets go down. This goal is often called an absolute return. They use tools like leverage, which is using borrowed money. They also use short selling to make trades.

These methods help them manage risk and try to improve performance.

There are many different ways these funds work. Some managers pick investments by hand. This is called a discretionary strategy. Other managers use computers to pick investments. This is called a quantitative strategy. Some funds focus on one area, like healthcare. Other funds look at the whole world. They might look at bonds or different types of money. Some funds are market neutral. This means they try to stay steady even when markets swing. Others are directional and follow market trends.

Hedge funds have a very long history. In the 1920s, there were private ways to invest. One famous group was the Graham-Newman Partnership. It was started by Benjamin Graham and Jerry Newman. Later, in 1949, Alfred W. Jones created a new structure. He is credited with the term "hedged fund." He also started a famous fee system. It is called the 2-and-20 structure. Managers take a 2% fee for their work. They also take 20% of any new profits.

These funds have grown a lot over time. In the 1990s, many more funds started. In 2008, a big financial crisis happened. This made many funds lose money. Because of this, governments in the US and Europe made new rules. These rules help leaders watch the funds more closely. By 2011, the industry was growing again. In 2021, these funds held about $3.8 trillion in assets.

Large firms like Bridgewater Associates are very famous today.

It is helpful to think of a hedge fund like a protective wall. The word "hedge" comes from a line of bushes around a field. Just as bushes protect a field, these funds try to protect money from risk. They are different from mutual funds that regular people use. They are also different from private equity funds. Private equity funds usually keep money for many years. Hedge funds are more liquid, so people can often withdraw money more easily.

They remain a huge part of the financial world today.

A hedge fund is a pooled investment fund that manages liquid assets. It uses complex trading and risk management techniques. The goal is to improve investment performance. It also aims to insulate returns from market risk. These funds are considered alternative investments. They are different from mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Those are regulated funds available to the retail market. Hedge funds also differ from private equity funds. Private equity funds usually invest in illiquid assets. They return capital only after several years. Hedge funds are usually open-ended. This means investors can often withdraw capital periodically. They do this based on the fund's net asset value.

Hedge funds use several specific mechanisms to trade. One method is short selling. This involves selling an asset you do not own. They also use leverage. Leverage is the use of borrowed money to increase positions. Another tool is the use of derivative instruments. These are complex financial contracts. Some funds aim for an "absolute return." This means they want positive returns regardless of market movement. They may try to succeed whether markets rise or fall. Some strategies are "market neutral." These try to cancel out the effect of market swings. Other strategies are "directional." These follow market trends and have more exposure to fluctuations.

Investment strategies are often grouped into four major categories. The first is global macro. These funds take large positions in markets to profit from global economic events. The second is directional. These use market trends to make money. The third is event-driven. These focus on specific events that change asset prices. The fourth is relative value, also known as arbitrage. These strategies can be "discretionary" or "quantitative." Discretionary managers pick investments by hand. Quantitative managers use computerized systems to select investments. A fund might use only one strategy. It might also combine several for diversification.

The history of these funds spans many decades. In the 1920s, private investment vehicles existed for wealthy people. The Graham-Newman Partnership is a famous example from that era. It was founded by Benjamin Graham and Jerry Newman. In 1949, Alfred W. Jones created the first hedge fund structure. He is credited with coining the phrase "hedged fund." Jones also developed the "2-and-20" fee structure. This is still a very popular model today. In the 1970s, most funds followed a long/short equity model. Many funds closed during the market crashes of 1969 and 1973. However, the industry saw renewed attention in the late 1980s.

During the 1990s, the number of hedge funds grew significantly. This happened during the stock market rise of that decade. By the 2000s, the industry gained popularity worldwide. In 2008, the industry held about $1.93 trillion in assets. The 2008 financial crisis caused a decline in popularity. Many funds had to restrict investor withdrawals during this time. However, the industry rebounded quickly. By April 2011, assets were near $2 trillion. By July 2017, assets reached a record of $3.1 trillion. As of 2021, total assets were around $3.8 trillion.

Hedge fund managers are paid using a specific fee structure. They usually charge a management fee. This is typically 2% per year of the net asset value. They also charge a performance fee. This is typically 20% of the fund's increase in value during a year. Some managers have become very famous. Ray Dalio manages Bridgewater Associates, one of the largest firms. As of 2017, it held $160 billion in assets. Other notable managers include George Soros and Kenneth Griffin. In the mid-2010s, the industry saw a decline in "old guard" managers. This was partly due to central bank policies changing market correlations.

These funds have a significant impact on the broader economy. Research from 2015 looked at hedge fund activism. This is when funds intervene in target companies. These interventions can lead to better productivity. They can also lead to more efficient use of corporate assets. This often increases labor productivity in those firms. However, these benefits might not always result in higher wages for workers. In the United States, regulations require certain rules. Funds can only be marketed to institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals. Following the 2008 crisis, new laws increased government oversight. These laws aimed to close regulatory gaps in the system.